摘要 :
The paper explores the background and scientific basis of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), a new paradigm reflecting the inter-related aspirations and demands of land-related sustainable development goals. The paper draws on aca...
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The paper explores the background and scientific basis of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), a new paradigm reflecting the inter-related aspirations and demands of land-related sustainable development goals. The paper draws on academic literature, field observations, insight from development researchers and practitioners, professional meetings, and agency reports to describe the LDN concept and its relationship with sustainable land management (SLM). We discuss the potential for LDN to facilitate the adoption and assessment of SLM, and to provide a framework to achieve the "land degradation neutral world" goal of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030. We present insights relevant to the implementation of LDN. These include the need to: consider quality as well as quantity of land degraded and restored; apply an ecosystem-based approach for LDN assessment; consider land degradation risks; recognize different uses of land and approaches to reach the LDN target; and define the LDN baseline and indicators. We discuss the contradictions of using two different modes for evaluating land degradation and successes in land restoration, which we name the "Anti-degradation view" and "Production-advocacy view". To harmonize these approaches we propose that LDN be considered as a phenomenon of equilibrium of the land system, in terms of the balance between deterioration and improvement of terrestrial ecosystems' qualities, functions and services. Indicators to reflect this balance can use different approaches relevant to the various countries and areas, and to the types of land use. Two examples of using this approach are described. The first shows the assessment of the state of LDN based on the homeostasis of land cover and is based on assessment of distribution of ecosystems, and the dynamics of the land cover pattern in the areas prone to land degradation. The second is based on the combination of the well-known principle of Leibig's Law of the Minimum (1843), and Shelford's Law of Tolerance (1911), and focuses on the balance of the components as the major determinant of a sustainable system. Both approaches are illustrated using schematic diagrams to represent different balanced or destabilized situations. We conclude that the comprehensive assessment of the components of land systems and their mutual equilibrium, which determine the potential for sustainable functioning, therefore can be a basis for the development and selection of the most appropriate indicators and measures of LDN at global, regional and local levels, and that LDN could serve as a target and indicator of SLM. Nevertheless, LDN as a phenomenon of equilibrium of the land system needs further scientific research, and development of effective methods to measure the balance between different terrestrial ecosystems' qualities, functions and services.
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Work on the study and adaption of the concept and methodological basis of land degradation neutrality (LDN) in the Kyrgyz Republic was launched in 2016 as part of a corresponding project. The Secretariat of the United Nations Conv...
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Work on the study and adaption of the concept and methodological basis of land degradation neutrality (LDN) in the Kyrgyz Republic was launched in 2016 as part of a corresponding project. The Secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) provided the country with a comprehensive set of indicators and information derived from an analysis of global satellite data reflecting key indicators of land degradation in the Kyrgyz Republic. This data set was analyzed at the national level via comparison with data from studies and a series of meetings and consultations with relevant state and nonstate institutions. As a result of the research, a team of national experts was able to compare international (UNCCD data) and national land-use indicators. In particular, a comparative analysis was carried out based on categories of land resources. Nevertheless, the work requires further detailed verification of international and national land use indicators with alternative satellite data, as well as special field studies.
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Land degradation is decline in productivity of land in terms of bio-diversity and economy, resulting from various causes including climate and human dominance, leading to loss of ecosystem. It is an issue of global concern and thr...
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Land degradation is decline in productivity of land in terms of bio-diversity and economy, resulting from various causes including climate and human dominance, leading to loss of ecosystem. It is an issue of global concern and threatens productivity of land, water, biodiversity, ecology, economy, and people. India, with 2.4% of global land area, is homeland for around 18% of global human population and 30.4% livestock population, supporting more than 8% of world's agriculture with more than 69% area falling under drylands. The blend of high population, high agriculture production and diverse agro-climatic conditions results in excessive pressure on resources. This study is an attempt to access land degradation vulnerability considering human-induced factors, biophysical and climate parameters. Hierarchy-based indexing method is used for analysis using geospatial technique. Study reveals that around 67% of the land area falls under high vulnerability, and 27% area falls under moderate vulnerability. The outcome was further compared with MODIS land surface temperature and normalised difference vegetation index data for validation and is observed that more than 85% area under moderate-high vulnerability is related to increase in surface temperature and/or no-change in vegetation index; this area also falls under low NDVI value range (< 0.3), indicating vulnerable to land degradation. The outcome is useful for stakeholders in understanding the issue and for preparing action plans for combating land degradation.
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A scientific approach to the assessment of trends in land changes based on the novel concept of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) was applied to monitor the sustainability of irrigated farmlands in test areas in Uzbekistan (the An...
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A scientific approach to the assessment of trends in land changes based on the novel concept of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) was applied to monitor the sustainability of irrigated farmlands in test areas in Uzbekistan (the Andijan, Namangan, Fergana, and Syrdarya regions). The tool "Trends.Earth", which was recommended by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification and developed as a special plugin for the Quantum GIS platform, was used to describe the dynamics of land degradation in the period 2001-2020. This study demonstrates the results of monitoring land productivity dynamics that reflect the investments in irrigation improvement during the last 10-15 years. A comparison between changes in land productivity measured via Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and its average value for the entire observation period is more informative than comparison with the initial 5-year period. More details could be noted through application of the "moving average" calculation method. The described trends demonstrate that the use of sustainable land management practices in the last decade led to a decreasing proportion of degraded lands compared to the average figure for the period 2001-2020 (from 25-40% to 10-20%). This trend is confirmed by reviewing state statistics and indicates the success of national policies and approaches to adaptation. However, the dynamics of land productivity in the study areas is diverse and includes "dry" and "humid" extremes, depending on climate fluctuations. Despite the generally positive trends identified across regions, the high dynamics of degraded hotspots and improved lands within certain areas confirm the instability of ongoing changes.
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Land is a precious limited natural resource on the earth. Our lives, livelihoods and existence of all the life forms on the earth is based on the holistic approach of the land, if land becomes degraded it will affect our existence...
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Land is a precious limited natural resource on the earth. Our lives, livelihoods and existence of all the life forms on the earth is based on the holistic approach of the land, if land becomes degraded it will affect our existence and here lies the importance to conserve and restore it from degradation. Land degradation is definedas "the reduction or loss in the biological or economic productivity of the land (UNCCD 1994)..........by humanactivities .............. often magnified by the impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss"(]A\ So we haveto learn lesson and have to take immediate measure to achieve land degradation neutrality by the means of (a) Prevention/Reduction of land degradation, (b) Rehabilitation of partly degraded land, (c) Reclamation of degraded, desertified land (UNCCD).
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Determination of national goals for achieving a land degradation neutrality (LDN) and the creation of systems of indicators for monitoring is an important strategic task for combating desertification and preventing land degradatio...
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Determination of national goals for achieving a land degradation neutrality (LDN) and the creation of systems of indicators for monitoring is an important strategic task for combating desertification and preventing land degradation in Turkmenistan, due to the implementation of target 15.3 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals for the period up to 2030. This paper analyzes the possibility of integrating global indicators of the LDN into the National System for Land Monitoring of Turkmenistan, which is currently being developed, and provides statistical and geoinformation data for the entire territory of the country. It has been found that, despite the new important data obtained using global approaches, reliable monitoring of the LDN based on national data is not fully feasible at present due to the fact that global indicators are not sufficiently confirmed by the available national data and do not correspond to global proxy indicators of dynamics of land cover, productivity, and stocks of soil organic carbon. This article proposes a working list of national analogue indicators and ways to validate them, as well as options for using lists of land use types to compile a matrix of negative and positive transitions with changes in land cover. It is recommended to use cartographic and fund data collected and processed in the late 1980s-90s as a "baseline" for monitoring land degradation, as well as materials on the assessment of the state of specially protected natural areas. Additional and alternative indicators of the LDN, which are of particular importance for Turkmenistan: salinization of soils and lands, soil deflation, climate aridity, and dust storms, are proposed.
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In the last decades, due to climate changes, soil deterioration and land use/land cover (LULC) changes, land degradation (LD) has become one of the most important issues at the global, regional and local scale. In concrete terms, ...
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In the last decades, due to climate changes, soil deterioration and land use/land cover (LULC) changes, land degradation (LD) has become one of the most important issues at the global, regional and local scale. In concrete terms, LD determines a reduction in the productivity of a territory and in its capacity of providing ecosystem goods and services. "Syndromes" of LD can be assessed in the past, and scenarios, conversely, can be developed for the future, as information baselines for sustainable land management strategies and interventions. LULC information is essential for identifying change trajectories and associated LD processes, and for deriving prediction rules. Methodological issues and results of studies led within the framework of the research project AGROSCENARI (Adaptation scenarios of Italian agriculture to climate change) are discussed in this paper, analysing the case of the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy. Two key trajectories are investigated in detail: artificialization on the one hand, and scrubland and forestland expansion on the other. The first trajectory is associated with LD especially in terms of physical loss of farming land and soil sealing. The second trajectory is related to abandonment of agricultural land, and linked to LD processes such as soil erosion and hydrological instability, and to wildfires. The identification of such spatially explicit LD syndromes, which can also be projected on the basis of future scenarios, allows proposing and evaluating focussed measures of sustainable land management.
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The concepts of degraded forest (pa mai xout xom) and degraded land (din seuam xom) have been variously applied in official Lao government policy narratives and law over the last couple of decades. In this article I focus on the c...
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The concepts of degraded forest (pa mai xout xom) and degraded land (din seuam xom) have been variously applied in official Lao government policy narratives and law over the last couple of decades. In this article I focus on the concepts of degraded forest and land, and the relationship with industrial tree plantations, using two examples from southern Laos. I argue that the concepts have been significant in both facilitating and obstructing the development of large-scale industrial tree plantations in different times and spaces, thus significantly influencing access and exclusion, as well as the spatialization of tree plantations. I provide a tentative genealogy regarding the emergence of these concepts in land and forestry policy in Laos, and briefly explain the links between degradation and the land rush' presently affecting Laos.
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The results of the application of the concept of land degradation neutrality (LDN) and the methodology to assess LDN indicators for arid regions of Russia are presented for the first time. It is shown that the LDN state has not be...
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The results of the application of the concept of land degradation neutrality (LDN) and the methodology to assess LDN indicators for arid regions of Russia are presented for the first time. It is shown that the LDN state has not been achieved in any of the arid regions of our country, since the proportion of degraded lands is positive everywhere and ranges from 9 to 67%. The concept of the LDN index is introduced, which makes it convenient to compare and rank individual territories, and an assessment of some arid regions of Russia is given according to this indicator. Simultaneously, it is concluded that the results are preliminary and need to be validated and specified on the basis of comparison with the existing national data obtained by traditional methods.
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Land degradation is increasing in severity and extent in many parts of the world. Success in arresting land degradation entails an improved understanding of its causes, process, indicators and impacts. Various scientific methodolo...
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Land degradation is increasing in severity and extent in many parts of the world. Success in arresting land degradation entails an improved understanding of its causes, process, indicators and impacts. Various scientific methodologies have been employed to assess land degradation globally. However, the use of local community knowledge in elucidating the causes, process, indicators and effects of land degradation has seen little application by scientists and policy makers. Land degradation may be a physical process, but its underlying causes are firmly rooted in the socio-economic, political and cultural environment in which land users operate. Analyzing the root causes and effects of land degradation from local community knowledge, perception and adapting strategies perspective will provide information that is essential for designing and promoting sustainable land management practices. The main objective of this study was to analyze the perceptions of farmers' on the impact of land degradation hazard on agricultural land productivity decline associated with soil erosion and fertility loss. The study used a multistage sampling procedure to select sample respondent households. The sample size of the study was 120 household heads and 226 farm plots managed by these farmers. The primary data of the study were collected by using semi-structured Interview, focus group discussions and field observation. Both descriptive statistics and econometric techniques were used for data analysis. Descriptive results show that 57percent of the respondents were perceived the severity and its consequence on agricultural land productivity. The following indicators of soil erosion and fertility loss were generally perceived and observed by farmers' in the study area: gullies formations, soil accumulation around clumps of vegetation, soil deposits on gentle slopes, exposed roots, muddy water, sedimentation in streams and rivers, change in vegetation species, increased runoff, and reduced rooting depth. The direct human activities which were perceived to be causing land degradation in the study area include: deforestation and clearing of vegetation, overgrazing, steep slope cultivation and continuous cropping. The farmers' possibility of perceiving the impact of land degradation hazard on agricultural land productivity was primarily determined by institutional, psychological, demographic and by bio-physical factors. Farmers who perceive their land as deteriorating and producing less than desired, tend to adopt improved land management practices. On the other hand, farmers who perceive their land to be fertile tend to have low adoption of conservation practices. In order to overcome this land degradation and its consequent effects, the study recommended a need for the government to enforce effective policies to control and prevent land degradation and these policies should be community inclusive /participatory founded up on indigenous and age-honored knowledge and tradition of farmers' natural resource management as well as introduced scientific practices.
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